The 5th Century in Britannia Part 13: Arthur’s 11th Battle: The Battle of Mount Agned: Alt Clut ( Dumbarton Castle) June 490AD.

 This article is my personal interpretation of events at this time. Any mistakes are my own.

Once again at the Winter Solstice of 489AD, the Briton Kings take their places at the Round Table at Caerleon.. In attendance are:

Tutagaul Ap Ervin Ap Cinuit of Alt Clut ( dispossessed).

Einon of Gwynedd.

Cadell of Powys.

Gereint Ap Cador ( “ Llyngesic” Navarch of the British Fleet) and King of Cernow.

Iddon Ap Ynyr of Gwent.

Arthur arrives with Merlin and they take their seats on one side of the hall. Although Magister Militum ( Pendragon) of the Briton Commitatus, and Caerleon is his headquarters, he is not Royal so does not have a seat at the table. Arthur is now 22 years old. A seasoned and successful Commander with many victories.

The Kings praise Arthur and his battlefield success.The conversation takes on a more serious tone as Cadell raises the notion of disbanding the Commitatus.

His reasoning is that now that the Picts and Riartans are defeated and the Seaxons are fighting each other, the threat to Cambria has diminished.

As before, it doesn’t take long for arguments to commence regarding Land Rights and Sovereignty. Looking at Arthur, Merlin rises and walks slowly to the table. With that movement all goes quiet.  The power of Merlin’s presence has never diminished. The Kings are still in awe of a senior representative of the Old Gods even with the rise of Christianity.

Merlin tells the assembled Monarchs that although the Seaxons are fighting like Crows over a carcass, another leader like Aelle will surface. Their arguments another powerful reason why Arthur has control of the Commitatus.

Arthur then speaks of his plans. Tutagaul and his troops will go with the Commitatus. He needs enough troops to invest Alt Clut and be able to fight off any enemy troops attempting to assist Caw.The army must move at the end of March after the crops have been sown. It will take 60 days to march to Alt Clut….

They then have four weeks to take or destroy Caw’s grip on Alt Clut. The Fortress must be taken by the end of June and Tutagaul reinstalled as King. The army must return by the end of August to reap the harvest.

Arthur is also taking most of the fleet with him in order to invest the Fortress. June is when the Irish Sea is at its calmest.

As Arthur finishes his speech there is uproar in the chamber. Some accuse Arthur of wishing to expand his army to conquer Cambria for himself! Merlin bangs his staff on the floor three times. As all goes quiet he utters one loud sentence:

Support the Pendragon…. or perish by fire and sword…..

THE BRITON COMMITATUS: 13,000 = 13pts x 5 = 65pts.

Arthur: Magister Militum ( The Pendragon)    @ 3pts.

1 stand of Mounted Bucellarii  @ 3pts.

4 stands of Veteran Infantry  @ 3pts  = 12pts.

4 stands of  Auxilliary Veteran Archers  @ 2pts = 8pts.

Owain:   @ 2pts.

Cadwy:  @ 2pts.

Rogatainus:  @ 2pts.

2 stands of Ballista @ 1 pt =2pts.

TUTAGAUL: @ 2pts

8 stands of Infantry  @ 2pts = 16pts.

4 stands of Light Infantry Archers @ 1pt =4pts.

1 stand of  mounted Bucellarii  @ 2pts.

KING IDDONS MILITIA:

3 stands of Militia Infantry  @ 2pts = 6pts.

1 stand of Light Infantry Archers @ 1pt.

THE SHIPS:

15 ships each with 100 men = 1,500 men = 1.5pts x 5 = 8pts r/u. = 6 ships :  4 ships each with one stand of Archers @ 1pt.

2 ships each with 1 stand of ballista @ 2pts each.

THE PICT ARMY: 12,000 = 12pts x 5 = 60pts.

Inside Alt Clut: 4,000 = 4pts x 5 = 20pts.

Niall ( fictional ) @ 1pt.

7 stands of Militia Infantry  @ 2pts = 14pts.

5 stands of missile troops  @ 1pt = 5pts.

RELIEVE FORCE: 8,000 = 8pts x 5 = 40pts.

Caw   @ 1pt.

15 stands of Warrior Infantry @ 2pts = 30 pts.

5 stands of archers  @  1pt = 5pts.

2 stands of Light Cavalry @  2pts =  4pts.

THE BATTLE

* The battle will be played for eight Game-Turns unless one side suffers a Morale collapse before the 8th Game-Turn is played out.

* Each side will note their morale total:

The Pict army is 30 points.( the field army and the Garrison).

The Briton army is 33 points.

* As a stand is removed from the table its points are deducted from its respective total.

* The Briton Army retains the Initiative Point for the entire 8 Game-Turns.

* The Britons will move first on every Game Turn.

* The Britons will fire first in every Game-Turn.

* The Britons win any tied results.

* The trees block Line of sight. As you can see in the photo below. The archers on the left can fire at the Pict slingers. However the spearmen to the right cannot fire diagonally at the Pict slingers because there is a model tree on the front facing of the square.

* when moving through the trees, stands can only move one square.

* Any stand forced into the water will be lost.

THE PICT GARRISON:

* From the third Game-Turn onward, at the start of the Turn, a six sided dice is thrown for the Garrison: If a “1” or “2” is thrown the Garrison will leave the fortress in the following Game-Turns.

* Stands within the fortress ignore the “Move back” as a result of a die roll. However, the target stand must deduct 2 points if firing back within the same Game-Turn.

* The above rule also applies to ships archers and ballista crew.

* THE SHIPS BALLISTA: If the target rolls any lower score against the ships ballista shot. The target stand is removed from the board.

* The ships can only land at the jetty next to the castle. If they move into a square adjacent to the land next to the two armies, they cannot move for the rest of the battle. ( They are grounded.)

VICTORY;

* The side with the higher Morale tally wins the battle. If the Britons have the higher morale tally at the end of 8 Game-Turns, they have won regardless of whether they have taken Alt Clut.

* If one side ends up with a Zero morale tally at, or before the end of eight Game-Turns, they have lost the battle.

* If  Caw is removed from the table, the game finishes at the end of that Game-Turn

THE HISTORY:

Historians cannot agree as to the location of Mount Agned. Most dismiss it altogether as part of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s fictional account of King Arthur.

Nennius says that a battle was fought at this place. Those who have given serious study to the debate have suggested Edinburgh Castle or Stirling Castle. Nearly all are sure it took place in Scotland.  So, why have I chosen Dumbarton Castle??

To me, “ Ag” in“ Agned” sounds like “Alt” in “Alt Clut”. There could have been a misinterpretation of Alt Clut to Agned by Nennius. The “Mount” part of the name is also pertinent because Alt Clut, or Dumbarton Castle to give it its modern name sits on top of a natural volcanic plug of rock on the bank of the river Clyde. It’s not part of any range of hills. It is the oldest fortress in Scotland.

 I have been there with my Wife. ( In 2005, before I had any knowledge of Arthur’s story.)  It is indeed a formidable position. The Rock itself is unassailable , while those trying to break the doors of the entrance would face a storm of missiles from the twin peaks above.

One story has “King” Arthur in Scotland to combat a Scottish Noble. Caw did exist. He did usurp Tutagaul but the circumstances are not known. Caw managed to escape when Arthur took Alt Clut after a battle.

That’s how I came up with this scenario. Caw had to be outside of Alt Clut because he managed to escape during, or after the fighting. Arthur fought a battle and won at “ Mount Agned”. He couldn’t storm the fortress, knowing the casualties it would cause. He didn’t have time to besiege the place. Therefore he had to drive the Garrison out.

When the Romans left Britannia they left behind training manuals so that the Britons could defend themselves. Shipbuilding was still taking place. With Merlin’s knowledge of Latin, Ballista and/ or Catapults could be built and transported by ship. Smaller ones by the army.

The weather history for the 5th century swung wildly between flood and drought. The Irish Sea was relatively calm in June, which would give the fully laden ships a fairly safe passage from Cornwall to Alt Clut.

Alt Clut, was strategically important. The Saxons had infiltrated the East coast of Northern Britain and were moving slowly westward. The Dal Riata ( Scots-Irish ) were still active in the area and Alt Clut protected the Northern flank of the Briton Kingdoms.

Arthur also had unfinished business in the north, previously failing to pursue the enemy after the Battle of  the River Croquet. He needed to prove to his enemies that he was still powerful.

 After Arthur took the fortress, it became known as “ Dun Breatann”, the “ Fortress of the Britons” with Tutagaul restored as King. This naming of the fortress did happen in the 5th century.

As before, nearly all the above is conjectural. However, there are some historical instances which lend actuality to an otherwise fictional story. Personally, I am totally convinced that “ Mount Agned” is indeed Alt Clut, the modern Dumbarton Castle.

CREDITS:

Nearly all the Picts are from Redbox. Some are Hat Industries Saxons and Goths.  Tutagaul and his men are the Goths from Hat Industries. I had to combine my Picts and Scots-Irish in order to form the Pict army.

Iddon’s Militia are from the Hat Industries Roman Light Infantry as are the small Ballista. Arthur’s Veteran Infantry and Bucellarii are from Newline Designs.

The ships are scratchbuilt as are the large Ballista. All the Ballista crews are from Hat Industries Roman Light Infantry. Owain is from the Hat Industries Heavy Cavalry on a Ceaser Miniatures horse.

The boat crews are from Emhar Viking Crew figures.

The Light Cavalry are from the Hat Industries Goth Cavalry. The Pict Standards are sticky labels attached to North Star Miniatures Javelins and hand painted.

Arthur’s standards and shield decals are from Little Big Man Studios.

The tiles forming the castle and flat ground, are made of cork tiles with flock. ( not a concise model ) The wall and fence sections are from Alternative Armies. The gate section was scratchbuilt from cardboard. The road is from thin cardboard. The trees are from various manufacturers, Guagemaster being one. 

The huts are from Peter Pig (?).

The round stands are 40mm mdf from Sarissa Precision. The 40mm square stands are cut from picture-framing cardboard.

The sea section is an ocean cover with 4” squares. A custom mat from Deep Cut Studios. The table is 3 feet x 2 feet ( 90cm x 60cm).

ADDENDUM; 14th May 2026.

It appears I have inadvertently “ done a Nennius”. In all my blogs on Arthur I have referred to Dumbarton Castle as ALT CLUD, or “ ALCLUD”  when in fact it should be ALT CLUT.

I shall go back through my blogs and correct the situation as much as possible. My apologies to Historians everywhere.

The 5th Century in Britannia part 12: Arthur’s 10th battle : The River Tribuit June 489AD.

 This article is my personal interpretation of events in this era. Any mistakes are my own.

Having won the battle at “ The City of Legions” ( Caerleon, Arthur’s Headquarters.) Arthur sets his remaining warriors in pursuit of the Picts and Scots-Irish. Having started the pursuit, the Infantry take over from the Cavalry as the ground became more rugged.

 There are tough skirmishes as the Commitatus chases down groups of Picts and Scots-Irish.( known as the Del Riata). The tribesmen are following the route back to Aberaeron. There are no prisoners. Gradually the Picts and the Scots-Irish make it  to Ciliau Aeron. Here they are met by the 1600 warriors who were guarding the fleet.

As Arthur comes up with his men he calls a halt. The 1600 warriors from the Fleet have formed a battle line. They are joined by about 1200 Picts and 1600 Scots -Irish survivors from the pursuit. Arthur brings up his cavalry. He gives Owain instructions not to attack but to be seen to be ready. By doing so the Picts and Riartans dare not break their shieldwall.

On their south-western flank the Picts have the river Aerfon. On the north-eastern flank the Riatans have the slopes of Banc Y. Carnau. Once again Arthur rests his Army under arms overnight, with the Cavalry dismounted but ready to go at a moments notice. Arthur has lost roughly a thousand men in killed and wounded, still leaving him 4000 men to face the enemy.

As the sun rises over the mountains, both sides ready their weapons. For the Scots-Irish and Picts they know this is a fight to the death. The tribesmen are tired and hungry.They cannot outrun the Briton Commitatus.There is no escape. Already they  can see the smoke rising from their anchorage as the British fleet destroys their ships.

In turn Arthur knows he must have complete victory to owerawe the Kings who he knows are plotting against him.

THE BRITON COMMITATUS; 4000 men = 4pts x 10 = 40 points.

The Pendragon ( Arthur )    @ 3 points.

4 stands of Veteran Infantry  @ 3pts = 12 points.

3 stands of Auxilliary Infantry  @ 2pts = 6 pts.

2 stands of Light Archers  @ 1pt = 2pts.

Cadwy  @ 1pt.

Owain the Cavalry Commander  @ 2pts.

Iddon,s Militia;

Rogatainus  @  1pt.

2  stands of Militia Light Archers @ 1pt = 2pts.

2 stands of Militia Infantry @ 2pts = 4pts.

2 stands of  Auxilliary Cavalry @ 2pts = 4pts.

Arthurs Bucellarii, 1 stand @ 3pts.

REINFORCEMENTS:

12 of the Briton ships have come into shore and destroyed the Tribal boats. Now the 600 Warriors from the fleet led by Geraint Llyngesic ( the Briton “Navarch” ) are rushing to help Arthur in his destruction of the tribal Army.

600 men = 0.600pts x 10 = 6pts = 2 stands of Warriors @ 2pts = 4pts. 1 stand of archers @ 1pt. 1 Warleader ( Geraint ) @ 1pt.

* The reinforcements will come onto the table at the Tribal baseline from Game-Turn 3 onward.

* At the start of a Game-Turn, the Briton player will throw a 12 sided die. On a score of 7, 8, 9, 10,11 or 12 ,the reinforcements are positioned on the base edge across the road. The Briton Player can move them when the Briton Army is moved.

THE TRIBAL ARMY.;  4,300 = 4.3pts x 10 = 43pts r/d.

THE PICTS; 1,200 + 800 from the Fleet = 2,000 =

2.pts x 10 =20 points

Briacat  @ 1pt.

5 stands of Warriors  @ 2pts. = 10pts.

3 stands of Seaxon Warriors @ 2pts = 6pts.

1 Seaxon Leader ( Audulus: fictional ) @ 1 point.

2 stands of  Light Archers @ 1pt. = 2pts.

THE SCOTS¬IRISH: 1,600 + 800 from the Fleet = 2,400 =

2.4 x 10 =24pts.

Laun Mac Eric  @ 2pts.

2 stands of Archers/Slingers @ 1pt = 2pts 

10 stands of Warriors @ 2pts = 20pts.

FIGHTING THE BATTLE:

* The battle will be of either eight Game-Turns OR when one side suffers a Morale collapse.

*Each side will note down the respective Morale totals of each army. However, the Picts and Scots-Irish morale totals are kept separate.

   The Britons ;       20 points.

   The Picts ;           10 points.

   The Scots-Irish ;  12 points.

* As stands of figures are removed from the opposing armies, their points are deducted from their respective Morale totals.

* If the Britons Morale total  is reduced to zero first, the Briton army will retreat and the Tribal Army is victorious. ( In historical terms I think the survivors would head for Aberaeron and take whatever boats were there back toward Alt Clud).

* If either the Pict or the Scots-Irish suffer a morale collapse, it is a victory for the Briton Army. ( this would mean the death of all enemy Warriors.)

* The Britons retain the Initiative Point for the entire battle.

* The Britons Move and Fire first, on the first Game-Turn. From Game-Turn 2 onward, each side will dice to see who moves and fires first.

* The Britons win any ties.

* Stands can be moved onto the hilly ground but stands can only be moved at one square distance if they do. Stands cannot be moved onto the area of Banc Y. Carnau.

THE HISTORY;

As with all the previous articles this is complete conjecture. The numbers involved are my own estimates. However I',m going to stick my neck right out on this one. The Welsh name that Nennius gives for this battle is Treath Tryfrwyd.  The AI says that the name is pronounced. “ Treh-ath Tru-vroo “ . It means "The strand of the pierced or broken place".

Given that I think the "City Of Legions" is Caerleon  ( Arthur’s Headquarters) and that Arthur pursued the enemy, the battle of the river Tribuit [ the name given to the battle ] could not have been far away. The Picts and Scots-Irish warriors would have followed the Roman Road back in their haste to get away from the pursuing Britons.

My reasoning for deciding on this location is firstly, that the river Aerfon has a lot of bends in the area of Cilliau Aerfon. [ Nennius: The Broken Place? .] it could be that in that time period the terrain was more broken despite the Roman Road. Ciliau in Welsh means “ corners”.

The village of Ciliau Aerfon has a long history possibly dating back to Roman times. The village is on the south western side of the river, so is not shown on the battle map.

Cilliau Aerfon sits in a "Cut" in the hills that form the southern end of the Cambrian Mountains in Wales.  These Mountains run south west to north east [ Nennius;" pierced through" ] with the mountain of Banc Y Carnau dominating the locality. The really tricky part is the river Tribuit.  My personal theory is that Tribiut is an interpretation of the Germanic word Tribut meaning tributary river.

Was that meant that the Aerfon was a tributary river?. ( the AI says that it is..) Plenty of very good theories exist about other battle sites. However there is no question that it was a personal victory for Arthur.  The action destroyed the Pictish and Scots-Irish threat to the Briton Kingdoms for good. ( I’ve strayed away from the established line that Arthur fought the Saxons at this battle ). The Scots -Irish and Picts were just as much a threat if not more so because of their naval proximity to the Briton Kingdoms, ( which I think were known collectively as Cambria).

In earlier times the Scots-Irish had dominated the area so this battle finally killed off any chance of that happening again.

CREDITS:

The Picts are a mixture of Redbox and Hat Miniatures. The Scots-Irish are from the Hat Miniatures Goths as are the Saxons.

For the Britons: Arthur’s foot veterans and cavalry Bucellarii are metal Newline Designs 20 mm as are the archers. The Briton Auxilliaries are from Hat Miniatures Late Roman Light Infantry. The auxiliary cavalry are also Hat Miniatures.

The Leaders of the Tribal army are all Hat Miniatures figures. The standards are sticky labels on Spears provided by North Star Miniatures and hand painted.

On the Briton side, Arthur is from Newline Designs 20mm Late Roman range. Cadwy and Rogatainus are from the Hat Miniatures Gothic set. Owain is a Hat Miniatures Late Roman Cavalryman on a Ceaser Miniatures Horse.

The Briton Standards are a mixture of Late Roman  Dragon provided from Hat, sticky labels on javelins from North Star and in the case of Arthur’s standards and the shield decals on the Veterans shields, these were obtained from Little Big Man Studios.

The square 40mm stands were cut from picture-framing cardboard and the 40mm round mdf stands were sourced from Sarissa Precision.

The hill sections were cut from self adhesive cork ( Which I finally got around to putting flock on! Sourced from Debris Of War) and from Brian of Essex Miniatures. 

The trees were from various manufacturers. The river and road sections were cut from thin card. The hedgerow came from Pendraken Miniatures.

Finally. The cloth is 3ft ( 90cm ) x 2ft ( 60cm) custom cloth from Deep Cut Studios.

The End of The War and the Battle of Lauffeldt The Austrian Netherlands ,2nd July 1747

 

 This article is my personal interpretation of events. Any mistakes are my own.

By the beginning of 1747, Europe was getting war-weary. However, Maria Theresa the Austrian Empress  was still angry on being forced by Britain into giving up Silesia to King Frederick of Prussia, and still maintained diplomatic talks with France as the war continued.

In turn France was angry with Frederick for making a Peace for his own ends and pulling out of the war without making it known!.

Meanwhile, the French Marshal Maurice de Saxe sat in the Low Countries ( another name for Belgium) content with the knowledge that he had numerical and logistical superiority over any opposition forces. 

By taking towns in the Austrian Netherlands ( modern day Belgium ) the French were putting direct pressure on the Dutch Republic in order to force them to the Peace table and remove the British presence in doing so.

Heading towards him was the “ Pragmatic army” led once again by the rather lacklustre Duke of Cumberland. Having scored a victory against the Allied Army at Fontenoy, Maurice was  prepared to lead another masterclass in the art of warfare.

Maurice decided to put Cumberland through his paces sending detachments to small towns within the area to keep Cumberland guessing as to which town was to be the target, all the time keeping one eye on Maastricht.

All these  manouvres worked, and Cumberland was truly baffled as to how to counter the French movements. However, fate was to intervene in the shape of the young King Louis the 15th. Louis was tired of all these cat-and-mouse games much as they were gaining results and pestered Maurice for direct action.

The Marshal successfully gained the ground on the heights of Heerderen to the South-West of Maastricht and had his troops in order before  commiting them. In the early hours on the day of battle, the Allied army was set out facing South. Initially Cornwallis ordered the villages to the front of the Allied army to be set alight and the Army to be formed behind them.

Luckily, for the Allies, the brilliant Sir John Ligonier was also present in the Allied Army. It was he who convinced Cumberland to reoccupy the villages using them as bastions of defence. Cumberland reluctantly agreed and the army moved forward to take position within and around the smoking ruins.

Observing these events, Maurice, seeing smoke bellowing skyward, at first thought that the Allies were retreating and that he would be able to set about besieging Maastricht. However when he saw the reverse happening his mind was made up.

Maurice had stripped out garrisons and raised every man he could in order to achieve his goals. Every horse that could walk was pressed into service. This was the biggest Army that the French had fielded  and indeed would be the largest army to be fielded in the entire 18th century. Maurice was determined to batter the Allied army into retreat.

On the Allied side , General Bathyanni, having the largest contingent,with his Austrian troops, took the position of honour on the right, much to Cumberlands chargrin. Next to them were the Dutch in and around Vlytingen. Beyond the left of the Dutch were the Hanoverians and British. Sandwiched between them and the Dutch was a small brigade of Hessians.

NOTE: Many articles state that the British held the left when in fact it was the Hanoverians. As noted before, the British were Auxilliary to the Hanoverians, who supplied the bulk of the troops required. The Hanoverians wore red uniforms and had similar equipment which is usually why they are identified as “ British”.this was also because King George of Britain was also Duke of Hanover.

The whole area was studded with villages and small holdings and generally flat which made good conditions for an attacking army even though it was raining. At 10 am with drums beating as the rain fell, General de Saxe signalled the advance.

NOTE: when working out the numbers of troops present my baseline was: 450 for an Infantry Battalion and 130 for a Cavalry Squadron. All Nations were suffering manpower shortages.

FRANCE:  100,000. General Maurice De Saxe @ 2 points.

16,000 Horse in 123 Squadrons.= 16 points;

7 stands of Dragoons @ 2 points = 14 points.

1 stand of Hussars @  1 point

General ; Louis Charles Cesar Le Tellier duc d,Estrees @ 1 point.

84,000 Foot in 210 Battalions = 84 points.

4 stands of Infantry Grenadiers @ 4 points = 16 points.

16 stands of Line Infantry  @ 3 points = 48 points.

5 stands of Line Infantry  @ 2 points = 10 points.

4 stands of Light Infantry  @ 1 point = 4 points.

3 Generals @ 1 point ;

General Clermont. General De Salieres. General Saint Nectaire.

ARTILLERY;

200 Guns = 200 x 50 Gunners = 10,000 = 10 points;

2 stands of Heavy Artillery @ 2 points = 4 points.

6 stands of Light Artillery  @ 1 point = 6 points.

PRAGMATIC ARMY;  98,900. Nominal Commander, The Duke of Cumberland.

Note: I couldn’t find any actual information concerning the composition of the Allied Army in this battle. Therefore I’ve used “ known strength” of the individual nations based on Reed-Brownings book about the war, and Stephen Manley’s painting guides ( available from Caliver books ).

13,650 Horse in 105 Squadrons = 13.650 pts or 14 pts r/u.

20 Squadrons of  British Horse = 2,600 = 2.6 or 3pts r/u = 1 stand of Dragoons @ 3pts.

6 Squadrons of Hessian Horse = 780 = 0.780 or 1pt r/u = 1 stand of Dragoons @ 1pt.

34 Squadrons of Hanovarian Horse = 4,420 = 4.420 or 4pts r/d = 2 stands of Dragoons @ 2pts = 4pts.

15 Squadrons of Dutch Horse = 1,950 = 1.950 or 2pts r/u = 2 stands of Dragoons @ 1pt = 2pts.

30 Squadrons of Austrian Horse = 3,900 = 3.900pts = 4pts r/u = 2 stands of Dragoons @ 2pts = 4pts.

85,250 Foot in 179 Battalions = 85 points r/d.

3,600 Hessian Infantry in 9 Battalions = 3.6 or 4 points r/u = 2 stands of Hessian Line Inf @ 2pts = 4pts.

16,000 British Infantry in 40 Battalions = 16pts =;

1 stand of Grenadiers @ 4pts, 4 stands of Line Infantry @ 2pts = 8pts. 1 stand of Light Infantry @ 1 pt.  The Duke of Cumberland @ 1pt.  1 General [ Ligonier ] @ 2 points.

20,000 Hanovarian Infantry in 50 Battalions = 20pts;

1 stand of Grenadiers @ 4pts. 5 stands of Line Infantry @ 3pts = 15pts. General Von Zastrow @ 1pt.

12,000 Dutch Infantry in 30 Battalions = 12 pts = 1 stand of Grenadiers @ 3pts. 4 stands of Line Infantry @ 2pts = 8pts. General Waldeck @ 1pt.

20,000 Austrian Infantry in 50 Battalions = 20pts = 1 stand of Grenadiers @ 4pts. 5 stands of Line Infantry @ 3pts = 15pts. General Bathyanni @ 1pt.

ARTILLERY;

150 Guns x 50 Gunners = 7,500 = 7.5 or 8pts r/u; =

2 stands of British Light Artillery @ 1pt = 2 points.

2 stands of Hanovarian Light Artillery @ 1pt = 2 points.

2 stands of Dutch Light Artillery @ 1pt = 2 points.

2 stands of Austrian Light Artillery @ 1pt = 2 points

.

THE HISTORY;

This was the largest battle of the War of The Austrian Succession and of the whole 18th century in general. Cumberland had recently returned to the Continent after stopping the Jacobite Uprising. Defeating an outgunned, outnumbered and worn out Scottish army was one thing, but overcoming a well organised professional army led by one of the greatest Generals of the age was something else entirely.

Having marched the allied army south to forestall any French advance on Masstricht , Cumberlands only plan was to line up the army and slug it out with the French. As part of this plan, Cumberland ordered the villages in front of the Allied positions to be burnt.

As stated above, it was Ligonier who convinced the Prince to reoccupy the blackened ruins. Just as well. Maurice’s plan was to send two massive columns of Infantry crashing down onto the Allied left-centre at Lauffeldt  and Vlytingen . That would be followed up with an equally massive Cavalry charge to stop the Allies from getting to Masstricht. The Allies were still not fully in position when the French began their advance.

As it is in War the situation did not go as planned. The French had to attack Lauffeldt three times to force out the British troops. Likewise, the Dutch put up an unexpected and equally valiant fight in Vlytingen. The casualties on the French side were enormous.

Maurice could see what was happening to his men but having commited his army to the plan he had no choice but  to feed in more formations to the carnage. Eventually the French army prevailed, but not before Sir John Ligonier had led two cavalry charges on the left against the French cavalry to forestall an attempt to block the Allied army from Masstricht.

Sir John was captured by the French and presented to King Louis by Maurice as " the man who ruined all my plans". The situation angered many Irish Officers within the French force who were sure that they would not have been treated so well by the British!!.

.

FIGHTING THE BATTLE;

* The Battle will be  played for 8 Game-Turns.

* The French move first in the 1st Game-Turn. From Game-Turn 2 until Game-Turn 8, both sides roll a die to determine who moves first and also gains the Initiative Point.

* A Solo rule is used, that during a Game-Turn, in the Firing Phase, both sides will roll a die to determine which side will FIRE FIRST.

* Tied results go to the side who won the Initiative Point for that Game-Turn.

THE RAVINE.

Sources differ as to whether there was a ravine in front of the Austrian position. I have followed Reed-Browning’s description of the battle.

I’ve put a section on the table to mark the area as a Ravine, Therefore;

* Any stand must stop moving once it is placed on the Ravine square. It can be moved forward in the next moving phase of the next Game-Turn.

* Any stand in combat while positioned within the Ravine suffers a 2 point deduction from its Close Combat die roll IN ADDITION to a further 2 point deduction for attacking uphill.

* Stands positioned within the Ravine cannot fire on any enemy stand positioned one square back from the edge of the hill.

* THE VILLAGES;

 If a stand is in one end of a village and firing " through" the houses at a target at the other end of the village, the firing stand must have 2 points deducted from its firing die.

VICTORY:

Both sides were relatively equal and it was a hard fought battle therefore:

* If the French occupy both Lauffeldt and Vlytingen  at the end of  Game-Turn 8, it is a win for the French.

* If the French hold one village and they hold  the road to Maastricht behind Wilre by the end of Game-Turn 8 it is a win for the French

* If the French only hold one of the above villages at the end of Game-Turn 8, the game is a Draw.

CREDITS:

The figures are 15mm and are mostly Miniature Figures supplemented with Essex and Peter Pig figures.

The hills are scratchbuilt as are the “ flat pack” villages. The trees are by various manufacturers. The hedge sections are from Pendraken Miniatures. The road and rivers section were cut from thin cardboard. The Ravine section was also scratchbuilt.

The stands were cut from picture-framing card, 40mm x 40mm. The round 40mm MDF stands were purchased from Sarissa Precision.

The overlay is rubber backed and printed with 2” ( 50mm ) squares. This was a custom order from Deep Cut Studios.

As always the table is 3 feet ( 90cm ) x 2 feet (60cm ).

EPILOGUE.

In the weeks after Lauffeldt, the French tried once again to invade Piedmont. At the Assieta Pass, a French army tore itself to shreds attacking a well entrenched Piedmontese force. In desperation, the two French Generals  ( the Belle-Isle Brothers ) lost theirs lives while leading attacks.

In the Netherlands, Count Lowendahl marched to take the town of Bergen-Op-Zoom. Rumours were rife that the war was near to ending, so it came as a shock that the town refused to surrender. It was as they were storming the town that something snapped amongst the French troops. For three days they went on an orgy of drunken violence and murder. Followed by a torpor of despair.

General Maurice told the King that he would either have to hang the Count or give him a Marshals Baton ( which Lowendahl received).

With the failure of the French attack on Piedmont and the Empress of Austria sending out strict orders to her Generals not to engage in any further offensive actions the War staggered to an end.

There was great rejoicing amongst the people ……unaware that the King across the Elbe was keeping a beady eye on proceedings and building up his army once again…….

The Battle of Cerignola. South-Eastern Italy : 26th April 1503.

 This article is my personal interpretation of information concerning events at that time. Any mistakes are my own.

Eight years after the battle of Fornovo the French and Spanish Monarchies were once again at each others throats as to who had control of what in Southern Italy.

Prior to the French King Charles leaving Italy he had installed Garrisons in towns within Apulia and Calabria. The King had also granted land to his Men-at-arms for services rendered. Spanish control of various towns was also agreed upon. 

However, the tentative Peace didn’t last long.There was a new young King on the throne of France  ( Louis the 12th ) itching to test his military muscle.

Milan was the French capital of northern Italy and it was from there that the French army marched south to retake Naples. Louis was intent on making Italy a French Dominion. Eventually the Army arrived at Capua just north of Naples, which refused to surrender. After the French artillery battered the walls, the town was stormed, vandalized and totally looted with the citizens raped and murdered.

The French General de’Aubigney received an envoy from Naples and warned him of worse to come if they did not surrender. King Federigo of Naples ( who was at the town of Ischia) gave himself up to the French. When Naples opened its gates, he was taken to France where he lived out a comfortable confinement until his death.

Italian Politics ( dominated by Cesare Borgia ) and Family Feuds had also bought the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon into the Italian arena. Somewhat irritated by French presumption, Frederick the 2nd, the Spanish Aragonese Monarch  decided to intervene militarily.

In 1501, a Spanish Army was shipped from Sicily to Reggio in the toe of Italy under the Spanish General Fernandez de Cordoba. His force consisted of 190 Men-at-Arms, 300 Light Horse ( Jinetes) and 4000 Infantry. This was followed by more reinforcements. The intention was to force the French from Southern Italy once and for all and cement their grip on the region.

The first objective was Tarentum. It was here that the eldest son of the King of Naples resided. When Tarentum wouldn’t surrender, the city was stormed and looted. The Neapolitan Prince Frederick was taken back to Aragon in Spain where, like his father in France he lived in comfortable confinement until his death.

Having made Tarantum a Spanish holding, Cordoba then made his base at the coastal town of Barletta. This made it easier for his army to be supplied by the Venician Navy ( Venice was supposed to be a neutral observer in all this but they didn’t like the idea of French Power on their doorstep! Or of French Pirates using the City as a base after raiding Spanish supply fleets! )

This situation in turn annoyed The French Monarch so Louis gave instructions to his new Viceroy in Naples, the young Duke of Nemours to destroy the Spanish force. 

In the first clash of arms outside Barletta , the Spanish light Cavalry lured the headstrong French Men-at-Arms into an ambush of Spanish Arquebusiers by feigning retreat. Giving the French force a beating, the Spanish then retired back into Barletta.

Having seen how the French reacted, and not having enough Heavy Cavalry to face the French Men-at-Arms, Cordoba trained his army in new tactics. Infantry firepower was centre stage combined with fieldworks, and the new artillery pieces being produced. These new formations were called a “ Coronelia”.  Blocks of Pikemen working in conjunction with groups of Arquebusiers armed with the new matchlock muskets.

The Arquebus was heavy, needing a rest to hold the barrel while it was fired. Although inaccurate and of limited range the lead ball could inflict terrible damage on an opponent, especially when fired in controlled volleys.

Note: The Arquebus was used by other armies but this was the first time it was used in large organised volleys with rotating lines of Infantry.

Having been trained in the new formations Cordoba marched his army from Barletta, westward to the small town of Cerignola which was situated on a hill. The town was surrounded by a ditch, which Cordoba had his men deepen in the area of the expected attack. 

The earth was used to make a parapet. Vine stakes were placed all along the front and the army was positioned behind it. The Light Cavalry  Jinetes. ( Pro: xi- neats) were sent out on raids in order to goad the French into attacking. On the afternoon of the 26th of April, their forays yielded results……….

THE SPANISH ARMY: 6,500 = 6.5pts x 10 = 65 points.

Mounted Men-At-Arms: 700 = 0.700 x 10 = 7pts = 2 stands @ 3pts + Prospero Colonna- 1 General @ 1point.

“Jinetes” Light Cavalry: 800 = 0.800pts x 10 = 8pts = 4 stands @ 2 points.

Arquebusier ( musket armed) Infantry: 2,000 = 2pts x 10 =  20pts = 10 stands of Muskets @ 2pts.

Landsknecht Infantry Pikemen: 1,000 = 1pt x 10 = 10pts = 3 stands @ 3pts = 9pts + Fabricio Zamudio @ 1pt.

600 Spanish Pikemen = 0.600 pts x 10 = 6pts = 2 stands @ 3pts = 6pts

400 Infantry Swordsmen ( Spanish: Roderleros): 0.400 x 10 = 4pts = 2 stands @  2 points.

18 cannon x 50 crew = 900 gunners = 0.900pts x 10 = 9pts = 8 guns @ 1pt + 1 General @ 1pt Pedro Navarro.

THE FRENCH ARMY: 8,750: 8.750pts x 10 = 88points r/u.

650 Men-At-Arms = 0.650pts x 10 = 7pts r/u = 2 stands of Heavy Cavalry @ 3pts + Louis d’Armagnac, Duke of Nemours  @ 1pt.

1,100 Light Stradiot Cavalry = 1.1pts x 10 = 11pts = 5 stands of Cavalry @ 2pts + Yves d,Alegro @ 1pt.

3.500 Swiss Pikemen = 3.5pts x 10 = 35 pts =

9 stands of Pikemen @ 3pts = 27pts.

2 stands of Arquebusier Infantry @ 2pts = 4pts.

2 stands of Crossbow Infantry @ 2pts = 4pts.

+ 1 General Tabien de Chandieu @ 1pt.

3,200 French Infantry = 3.2 x 10 = 32pts =

8 stands of Pikemen @ 3pts = 24pts

4 stands of Infantry Crossbows @ 2pts = 8pts.

1 General, Gaspard de Coligny @ 1pt.

2 Guns x 50 crew = 100 gunners = 0.100pts x 10 = 1 stand of Light Artillery @ 1pt.

Note: No one is sure as to whether the French had any artillery present on the battlefield or not. I have allowed one cannon which is at the back of the French Infantry.

THE HISTORY:

This battle is recognised as a turning point in the development and use of firearms, and a major stepping stone in the erosion of Cavalry supremacy. Despite that, not much actual detail is known about the events of that day. Even the exact location of the site is unknown.

Apparently Cerignola is situated on an eminence west of the city of Barletta in the “heel” of Italy. The town was surrounded by a dry ditch. The whole town is surrounded by rolling countryside which to the north, opens out onto a plain which contains a Saltmarsh. ( These days sea salt is mined on an organised industrial scale). 

To the South and West it seems to be enclosed countryside which was prone to flooding in the wet season. I’ve included a ridge facing west. I’m assuming ( wrongly maybe ) that the rolling ground and bushes etc restricted the field of vision.

The French were moving in the standard formation of Advance Guard, Main Battle and Rearguard. When arraigned for battle the Heavy Cavalry Gendarmes ( Men-at Arms, the Nobility) of the Advance Guard would be in the position of Honour on the right.

When the French Army arrived there was some debate amongst the Senior Generals as to how best to attack. It was late afternoon and the weather was hot and dry. Some, including Nemours wanted to wait until the following day. 

However Seigneur de Chandieu, the Commander of the Swiss Infantry threatened to withdraw his men. Gradually, the discussion between the French Commanders became more and more heated ultimately exploding in accusations of Cowardice leveled at Nemours himself!!.

That settled the issue. Nemours in a state of anger and hubris mounted his Warhorse and made ready. When all was set the Duke signaled the advance. The Heavy Cavalry cantered forward, self assured that this time, they would sweep any Spanish away. 

 I have participated in a cavalry charge of sorts. A dozen horses in a line at full gallop. Even the horses get caught up in the excitement.

So, it seems the French Cavalry, both men and horses heavily armoured, kept rolling forward until they were bought to a juddering halt. In the first instance, by the trench in front of the Spanish position. Secondly, and for the first time, a massive cloud of lead shot punching holes in armour and bringing the glorious charge to bloody ruin. Instead of retreating, the French cavalry milled around trying to work their way to the right but the arquebus volleys kept bringing them down.

Nemours himself was killed when a musket ball hit him in the head. With the Commander dead and the failure of the Heavy Cavalry, the attack continued with the advance of first,  the Swiss of the Main Battle, then the French Infantry of the Rearguard.

Therefore there must have been topographical restrictions not only in front of the Spanish position but also at both ends forcing this frontal attack. Also, if the Cavalry had seen the trench they may have been able to halt the charge. 

The fact that they didn’t suggests to me that they were at “full throttle” before the trench was spotted. You need a lot of “ stopping distance” to slow a horse with an Adrenalin rush!!. Added to that is the “ letterbox effect” of the closed helmet visor reducing the field of vision ( and anger clouding judgement)

In my version I’ve included part of the saltmarsh at the northern end and difficult hill country to the south. Accounts that I have read seem to vary on how the battle progressed so I’ve used my own judgment on certain parts.

THE BATTLE.

Some special rules for refighting the battle;

* The French move first on the first Game-Turn.

* The Spanish retain the Initiative Point for the entire battle.

* French stands cannot be fired upon until they are in the forward squares of the ridge.

* The Duke of Nemours must be in an adjacent square to a French Heavy Cavalry stand at all times. If a French Heavy Cavalry stand is removed, the Duke of Nemours is also removed.

* Any stand positioned in the Trench while engaged in Close Combat will have 2 points deducted from its Close Combat die.

* Spanish stands win any ties.

* Spanish musketeers get one extra point on their Firing die roll.

* The battle is played for 8 Game-Turns.

VICTORY CONDITIONS;

By any stretch this is a tough call for the French Army and they can expect heavy casualties. Therefore, if the French can cause the loss of 10 stands from the Spanish army by the end of eight Game-Turns, the battle is classed as a draw.

CREDITS.

The figure illustrations were downloaded from Pete's Paperboys website [ The Renaissance range ]. I then had them printed out in A5.

I've enhanced the Heavy Cavalry blocks by putting the cocktail sticks into the block.

The 3ft [ 90cm ] x 2ft [60cm ] cloth is felt. The hills are made from the foamboard. The village is foamboard covered with illustrations printed from Pete's English Civil War book.

Battle of Kernstown, Frederick County Virginia: March 23rd 1862

 This article is my personal interpretation of this battle. Any mistakes are my own. The numbers I’ve assigned to formations within each army are my own conclusions.

The artillery positions are my own” guesstimate “. Apart from Chew,s Battery I have little information of which battery went where.

In the early part of 1862, the Union General James Shields was tasked with restricting the movements of the Confederate Army in the Shenandoah Valley. The Valley was a major supply area for the Confederate army.

The Union General George B. McClellan had been busy pestering President Lincoln that he didn’t have enough troops in his Army of the Potomac to take on the Confederate army covering Richmond ( He already had twice as many men as the Confederates in that area).

To placate McClellan, Lincoln requested General Shields to send two of his three Divisions. When these troops assembled and moved out of Winchester, the local Southern inhabitants sent messages to the Confederate Army that the Union Corps were vacating the area.

The man tasked with defending The Valley, Major-General Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson, got his army marching North on receipt of the news. In advance of Jackson’s force was Colonel Turner Ashby with the 7th Virginia Cavalry accompanied by Chew,s Light Horse Artillery battery.

Moving toward Winchester, Ashby was surprised to run up against a sizable force of Union Cavalry. After a brief and intense skirmish, Ashby realised what he was up against and promptly retreated back to Kernstown. The results of  this encounter were passed to Jackson.

During this brief battle, the Union Commander Shields was badly wounded and command of the Division passed to Colonel Nathan Kimball of the 1st Brigade. As Ashby and his Cavalry were fighting a running battle with Sullivans Brigade leading back to Kernstown, Jackson’s main army reached the same place.

Kimball, realising he was facing Jackson’s army, decided to place his own Brigade on Pritchard’s Hill to the west of the main Valley Road. Sullivan was to the east, once again skirmishing with Ashby’s Cavalry. Ashby had been reinforced with six companies of infantry.

Tyler’s Brigade was the reserve. Kimball also had the services of a Brigade of Cavalry under Colonel Thornton F. Brodhead, but apart from patrolling the area this cavalry were not used.

Jackson decided to attack immediately, but very quickly realised  the Union troops were present in greater strength. Jackson decided to try and flank the Union position on Pritchards Hill by moving further west on to Sandy Ridge.

Kimball realised Jackson’s intentions and sent Tyler and his 3rd Brigade in the same direction. When one of Jackson’s Aides pointed out the Union strength, Jackson replied “we are in for it!”. 

With his small army strung out in a wide arc at the mercy of a strong Union presence he knew he’d have to move fast……

THE UNION ARMY:

1st Division 5th Corps; Army of the Potomac;

7,300 = 7.300pts x 6 = 43.8 or 44 points r/u.

Brigadier-General James Shields ( wounded ).

1st BRIGADE: Col Nathan Kimball @ 1pt.

14th Indiana Infantry (400) 1 stand @ 2pts.

4th Ohio Infantry (400) 1 stand  @ 2pts.

8th Ohio Infantry (400) 2 stands @ 1pt = 2pts.

67th Ohio Infantry (400) 1 stand @ 2 points.

84th  Pennsylvania Infantry (400) @ 2points.

2nd BRIGADE: Col Jeremiah Sullivan @ 1pt.

5th Ohio Infantry (300) 2 stands @ 1pt =2pts 

39th Illinois Infantry (300) 1 stand @ 1pt.

13th Indiana Infantry (300) 1 stand @ 2pts.

62nd Ohio Infantry (400) 1 stand @ 2pts.

3rd BRIGADE: Col Erasmus Tyler @ 1pt.

7th Indiana Infantry (400) 1 stand @ 2pts.

7th Ohio Infantry (400) 1 stand @ 2pts.

29th Ohio Infantry (400) 1 stand @ 2pts.

110th Pennsylvania Infantry (400) 1 stand @ 2pts.

1st West Virginia Infantry (400) 1 stand @ 2pts.

THE UNION CAVALRY BRIGADE:

( Not used in this battle but included for completion.)

Colonel Thorton F. Brodhead @  1 point.

1st Michigan Cavalry (200) 1 stand @ 1pt.

1st Ohio Cavalry (200) 1 stand  @ 1pt.

Ringolds Pennsylvania Cavalry (200) 1 stand @ 1pt.

1st West Virginia Cavalry (200) 1 stand @ 1pt.

1st Maryland Potomac Home Cavalry ( 200) 1 stand @ 1pt.

ARTILLERY:

Battery H: 1st Ohio: 1 stand of  Horse Artillery @ 1pt.

Battery L: 1st Ohio: 1 stand of  Horse Artillery @ 1pt.

Battery E: 4th U.S. Heavy Foot Artillery: 1 stand @ 2points.

Battery A: West Virginia Light Foot Artillery: 1 stand @ 1pt.

Battery B: West Virginia Light Foot Artillery: 1 stand @ 1pt.

( 4 guns per battery x 5 = 20 guns x 50 gunners = 1000 gunners = 1pt x 6 = 6pts of guns.

CONFEDERATE FORCES.

VALLEY DISTRICT DEPARTMENT OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA: 4,150 = 4.150 pts x 6 = 24.9 or 25pts r/u.

Major-General Thomas J. Jackson @ 1point.

THE STONEWALL BRIGADE:

Brigadier-General Richard B. Garnet @ 1 point.

2nd Virginia Infantry (250): 1 stand @ 1pt.

4th Virginia Infantry (250): 1 stand @ 1pt.

5th Virginia Infantry (250): 1 stand @ 1pt.

27th Virginia Infantry ( 250): 1 stand @ 1pt.

33rd Virginia Infantry (250): 1 stand @ 1pt.

2nd BRIGADE: Colonel Jesse S. Burks @ 1pt.

21st Virginia Infantry (250): 1 stand @ 1pt.

42nd Virginia Infantry (250): 1 stand @ 1pt.

48th Virginia Infantry (250): 1 stand @ 1pt.

1st Virginia Infantry (250): 1 stand @ 1pt.

Hampden Virginia Light Foot Artillery (3 guns) 1 stand @ 1pt.

3rd BRIGADE: Colonel Samual V. Fulkerston @ 1pt.

23rd Virginia Infantry (250): 1 stand @ 1 point.

37th Virginian Infantry (250): 1 stand @ 1 point.

ARTILLERY:

Rockbridge Light Foot Artillery (4 guns) = 1 stand @ 1pt.

Carpenter’s Virginia Light Foot Artillery (4 guns)= 1 stand @ 1pt.

West Augusta Light Foot Artillery (3 guns) = 1 stand @ 1pt.

Danville Light Foot Artillery ( 3 guns ) = 1 stand @ 1pt.

CAVALRY:

Commander Turner Ashby @ 1pt.

7th Virginia Cavalry (250) = 2 stands @ 1point.

Chews Light Horse Artillery (3 guns) = 1 stand @ 1 point.

Infantry Skirmishers = 1 stand @ 1 point.

Note: 20 guns x 50 gunners = 1,000 gunners = 1.000pts x 6 = 6 points of artillery.

 

BATTLENOTES:

* The Confederates move first on the first Game-Turn. From Game-Turn 2 onwards both sides throw a dice to see who moves first.

* The Confederates on the left flank will not advance beyond the wall.

* The Confederates retain the Initiative Point for the entire Game, which will end after Eight Game-Turns. However, the Union army wins any tied results.

*  At the end of eight Game-Turns:

  The Union army wins if it looses less stands than the Confederates, and/or pushes the Confederates at least one square away from the wall or gains the right flank by causing Ashby to retreat.

The Confederate army gets a draw if they have lost less stands than the Union army and/or still holds the wall at the end of the 8th Game-Turn.

* THE TREES.

These block line-of-sight. Stands cannot move onto any square containing a tree. Stands cannot be moved over or through any square containing a tree. Stands cannot fire through the trees.

* THE BRUSHLINE.

The Confederates behind “ The Brushline” were vaguely visible to Turnballs troops on Pritchards Hill, therefore:

Any Union stand firing through the brushline at Confederate stands must deduct 1 point from each Firing Die.

* THE RIVERS:

 Opequon Creek can only be crossed by the bridges. Hoge’s Run ( also known as Hogg’s Run and Hoke,s Run.) can be crossed by troops as normal. Troops can fire while standing in the Run. ( In the historical battle it doesn’t seem to have impaired movement etc.)

THE SNAKEFENCE: can only be crossed by Infantry.

HISTORICAL NOTES:

Jackson was caught out by the strength of the Union forces, at one stage uttering the words “ we are in for it!”.

However realising the position he was in he moved quickly. Initially starting the attack against Kimball he moved his brigades left in order to outflank the Union troops on Pritchards Hill.

Kimball ordered Tyler to move onto Sandy Ridge to forestall any flanking moves by the Confederates and to attack any of their positions in that area.

In fact the Confederates held their own, especially at the wall. The Confederates under Garnet and Folkerston reached this defensive point before the Union soldiers.

By the end of the day, the Confederates were starting to retreat through lack of ammunition . Garnet seeing what was happening with his brigade started pulling his men back. The battle became a confused affair for both sides as units and formations became entangled with each other.

Jackson was beside himself, angry with Garnets action. Moving to the west he asked a retreating infantryman why he was going. He said it’s because he had run out of ammunition. In asking why he didn’t use the bayonet the man kept going.

The Union troops fought hard, however it seems that Kimball was hesitant and  followed Jackson’s movements. When the Confederates started retreating, Kimball did not order a pursuit. The awarding of the Initiative Point staying with the Confederates is to reflect this.

The Confederates retreated through lack of ammunition so they might have won this battle. However I’ve allowed for a draw for the Confederates. As always with all the blogs, history is yours to do with as you wish.

CREDITS:

The majority of the figures used were Miniature Figurines and Peter Pig along with a few Essex Miniatures. The flags are Peter Pig.

The buildings are from Peter Pig. Most of the trees are from Guagemaster. Some are of unknown provenance. The roads and rivers are of thin card. The 10mm snake fence I cannot remember. The hills are a mixture of Brian from Essex Miniatures and homemade from cork tiles.

All the bridges are scratchbuilt. The “ brushline” is made from pan scrubbers and cardboard.

The tents are scratchbuilt. The hedge sections are from Pendraken Miniatures and the wall from Alternative Armies(?).

The round 40mm MDF bases are from Minibits and the square 40mm bases are cut from picture-framing cardboard.

The 3foot (90cm) x 2foot (60cm) cloth with the 2” (50mm) squares printed on was a custom mat from Deep Cut Studios.

Sometimes when playing these games, I get a moment when I have to check line of sight so I use this Army Painter Target Lock Laser Line to check it. A very handy tool to have….

Battle of New Bern: North Carolina 14th March 1862

 This article is my personal interpretation of the battle. Any mistakes are my own.

By now the War was being waged in deadly earnest.. The Confederacy needed much of its supplies and weapons bought from countries abroad. The main currency used for purchase was cotton which had to be shipped out. In addition, the Confederate Government were sending out Commerce Raiders to attack any Union Merchant ships. 

 Lacking the large industrial capacity of the Union, this was the only way that the Confederate States could supplement the material needed to maintain their forces.

Previously, as the Civil War commenced, a Union General by the name of Winfield Scott came up with the  “ Anaconda Plan”. This was a strategic plan which involved expanding the Navy to blockade Confederate ports and, with the help of the army to attack enemy ports and river defences.

Along with the coastal attacks the plan also involved wresting control of the Mississippi River in order to cut the Confederacy in half. Five days before this battle, the Naval history of the world had been transformed when the first two opposing Ironclads had slugged it out in Hampton Roads making the wooden warship obsolete.

As part of the Anaconda plan and influenced by the historic naval battle that had taken place, the Union Government embarked on a major expansion of the Navy. This involved building armoured ships and “90 day gunboats”, so called because they were built that quickly.

In the meantime, the Union Navy was using any paddle steamers and screw powered vessels that could float in order to enforce the blockade and attack Confederate bases. New Bern on the Neuse river had lost its prestige as a major port. However it was still important in the protection of the railroad.

The line that ran through New Bern, went onto Goldsboro where it connected to the Wilmington Railroad, a major supply line to the  Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. 

 The Union General Ambrose Burnside commanded a Division of troops. With the help of The Atlantic Blockading Squadron, his troops had already taken Confederate forts on Hatteras and Roanoke Islands. These advances gave the Union Flotilla access to Pamlico Sound and Burnside was determined to take New Bern. The first step was to land troops just north of Slocums Creek.

Lawrence Branch, the Confederate General commanding at New Bern knew he had a tough job on his hands. His best troops had been pulled from the line to reinforce the Army of Northern Virginia. 

The remaining troops were not as well trained. Having pulled the remaining troops from a defence line closer to Slocums Creek, the line anchored on Fort Thompson was reinforced. It was here that the Confederates awaited the Union attack,.which soon materialised…

DEPARTMENT OF NORTH CAROLINA COASTAL DIVISION OF THE U.S. ARMY.

11,000 = 11points x 4 = 44 points.

C-in-C Ambrose Burnside  @ 1 point.

1st BRIGADE. 

General Foster @ 1 point.

10th Connecticut: 1 stand @ 3 points.

23rd Massachusetts:  1 stand  @ 3 points.

24th Massachusetts:  1 stand  @ 3 points.

25th Massachusetts: 1 stand  @ 3 points.

27th Massachusetts: 1 stand  @ 3 points.

2nd BRIGADE.

General Reno  @  1 point.

51st New York:  1 stand  @  3 points.

9th New Jersey: 1 stand  @  2 points.

51st Pennsylvania:  1 stand  @ 3 points.

21st Massachusetts:  1 stand @ 3 points.

3rd BRIGADE.

General Parke  @ 1 point.

8th Connecticut: 1 stand @ 3 points

11th Connecticut: 1 stand @ 3 points.

4th Rhode Island: 1 stand  @ 3 points.

5th Rhode Island:  1 stand  @ 3 points.

1st New York Marine Artillery Detachment:

2 stands of Light Foot Artillery @ 1pt = 2 points.

THE NAVAL FLOTILLA:

14 Gunboats each with 50 crewmen = 700 men = 0.700 pts x 4 = 2.8 or 3 points r/u.

3 Gunboat models, each @ 1 point = 3 points.

THE CONFEDERATE ARMY: 6,000 = 6pts x 4 = 24 points.

C-in-C: Lawrence Branch  @ 1 point.

26th North Carolina Infantry = 2 stands @ 1 point = 2 points.

33rd North Carolina Infantry = 2 stands @ 1 point = 2 points.

35th North Carolina Infantry = 1 stand @ 2 points.

7th North Carolina Infantry = 1 stand @ 2 points.

The Special Battalion ( a group of infantry scrapped together from other formations armed with shotguns and fowling pieces.) 1 stand @ 1 point.

27th North Carolina = 1 stand @ 2 points.

2nd North Carolina Cavalry = 2 stands @ 1 point = 2 points.

ARTILLERY;

6 Field Batteries = 24 Guns x 50 gunners = 1,200 gunners:

1.200 x 4 = 4.8 or 5pts r/u = 5 stands of Light Artillery @ 1pt = 5 points.

24 Static Artillery Pieces ( mostly at Fort Thompson.) and Fort Ellis.

24 x 50 gunners = 1,200 gunners.x 4 = 4.8 or 5pts r/u = 2 stands of Heavy Artillery @ 2pts ( Fort Thompson) and 1 stand @1 point at Fort Ellis.

Note: Due to a shortage of labour some of the battery positions never got completed, therefore I’ve only included Fort Ellis. Fort Thompson was fully established.

FIGHTING THE BATTLE.

This is a tough fight for the Confederates. Unless the Union player is very unlucky, it would be hard to loose. Therefore, the Confederate player can draw the battle.

* Game-Turns and dicing for the the Initiative Point are carried out as stated in the normal rules.

* The Confederate Player can move the guns normally in the defense works to the right of the line, but the guns within the forts cannot be moved.

* All the field cannon move at 2 squares movement in any direction.

*  All Infantry apart from the Dismounted Cavalry and the Special Battalion are Line Infantry. Therefore they can only be moved through the face of a square not a diagonal. The Light Field Guns, dismounted Cavalrymen and Special Battalion can move in any direction 

* The Cavalry are classed as Light Cavalry. They can move in any direction. Dismounted Cavalry are always 1 point less than their mounted selves. Therefore if the mounted Cavalry are 1 point, the dismounted Cavalry are zero points so just a basic die is rolled for the stand.

* The abatis in front of the Confederate lines is counted as” Trench” during Firing and Close Combat.

* The Union Infantry stands can be moved in The Creek, but only one square per move. They can still fire after moving whilst in The Creek. In the actual battle the Union troops pierced the Confederate lines via this creek.

* I don’t know if the Senior Officers on the Union side had horses but I have portrayed the Generals as such. However, the Generals can only move at two squares. The roads do not give any extra movement. The weather had been bad so the roads had turned to mud.

THE RIVER BATTLE.

The river flotilla was commanded by Stephen C. Rowan ( not represented ). The river had been rigged with obstacles including a line of hulks to force any ships into range of the guns.

* The hulks cannot be moved. The paddle steamers move at 2 squares speed ( measured from the front of the ship.) The ships guns have a range of 4 squares.

* To make things basic, both the forts guns and the paddle steamers can take two hits The ship or a fortress gun will take a hit on any low score. On the second hit the gun or the paddle steamer causes complete destruction.

VICTORY CONDITIONS:

The Confederates must stay in place for four Game-Turns. From the 5th Game-Turn onward the Confederates can retreat. They can only leave the table via the road junction marked ( TO NEW BERN) .

This is the spot where the bridge crosses the Neuse river. If 8 Confederate infantry stands manage to leave the board by Game-Turn 8  AND/ OR BEFORE ONE Gunboat makes it ( completely intact ) to the Confederate baseline the  battle is a draw.

Historical note: The Confederates were putting up a good fight. However when the Union Infantry penetrated the middle part of the line via the creek, some of the Confederate infantry panicked which triggered a general retreat. The cannon in Fort Thompson and Fort Ellis were spiked by the garrison troops before they left but the Union troops still captured a number of field pieces.

CREDITS.

All the figures are a mixture of Miniature Figurines and Peter Pig. The wagon and tent line models are from Peter Pig. The Fortress guns are also Peter Pig.

Fort Thompson was scratchbuilt from foam board and cardboard ( originally for an 18th century scenario). Fort Ellis is represented by a shop-bought enclosure purchased many years ago. The walls and hedgerow are from the Pendraken 10mm range of scenery..

The farm buildings were scratchbuilt from cardboard. The green scenery bases are from S and A Scenics. The hill sections: some were produced by Brian at Essex Miniatures and some were homemade from cork tiles. The railway track and bridge are scratchbuilt from cardboard and cocktail sticks. The trees are from various manufacturers.

The abatis was scratchbuilt from pan scrubbers cardboard and plasticine.

The plastic explosion markers are from Litco. The smoke markers are cotton wool.

The paddle steamers and hulks were made from card and foamboard. The paddle sections were two halves of a fruit juice carton lid. The stern of the boats are a piece of milk bottle top. The guns were made from plastic paint brush tubing and a berry pin. The supports  are made from cardboard stuck to a coin.

The Gunboat crew figures are from the Peter Pig Colonial range which also includes a ships wheel. The Naval Gun Crew figures are from the Peter Pig ACW range. All the flags are from the Peter Pig range.

The roads and rivers are cut from thin cardboard. The round MDF bases are from Minibits. The square stands are cut from picture-framing cardboard. The battle was fought on a 3 foot (90cm) x 2 foot (60cm) board marked out in 2 inch squares.